ENT Liu Knowledge Base Head & neck tumours · physician reviewed
Evidence & transparency · 25 sources

Sources & References

If a number appears on this site, you should be able to find where it came from.

Quick answer

All incidence figures on this site come from GLOBOCAN 2022 (IARC/WHO) and its 2026 subsite analysis; clinical statements are checked against NCCN patient guidelines, NCI and ACS patient information, CDC/NIDCR HPV guidance and peer-reviewed regional studies. Each article lists the sources relevant to its own claims.

All sources used across the knowledge base

  1. Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN 2022) International Agency for Research on Cancer / WHO · 2022 · Source of worldwide and country-level incidence and mortality estimates.
  2. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · 2024
  3. Global Cancer Facts & Figures, 5th Edition (GLOBOCAN 2022 tables) American Cancer Society · 2024
  4. Global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite in 2022 CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · 2026 · Subsite-level estimates for 185 countries; the basis of the regional atlas on this site.
  5. Nivolumab Risk Management Plan — epidemiological characteristics of SCCHN (GLOBOCAN 2022 summary) European Medicines Agency · 2025 · Reports the combined 947,211 head and neck cancer cases in 2022 and regional ASRs.
  6. Head and neck cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, global burden and advances in radiotherapy PubMed Central / peer-reviewed review · 2026
  7. Oral cancer burden and mortality in India: a GLOBOCAN 2022 analysis with regional comparison ecancermedicalscience · 2026 · 143,759 new oral cancer cases and 79,979 deaths in India in 2022.
  8. Smokeless Tobacco and Oral Cancer in Global Perspective New England Journal of Medicine · 2026 · More than 360 million users of smokeless tobacco; ~120,000 oral cancer cases attributable to smokeless tobacco, areca nut or both in 2022.
  9. Nasopharyngeal cancer statistics (GLOBOCAN 2022 country rankings) World Cancer Research Fund International · 2022
  10. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Southeast Asia: Current Landscape and Future Priorities Frontiers / British Journal of Biomedical Science partnership · 2025 · 83.3% of the 120,434 global NPC cases in 2022 occurred in Asia.
  11. Global burden and international trends in laryngeal cancer incidence (GLOBOCAN 2022 and CI5-XII) Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology / registry-based review · 2025
  12. Thyroid cancer in Asia: incidence, mortality in 2022, and future projections to 2050 European Journal of Cancer Prevention · 2026 · South Korea had the highest ASR in Asia: 7.6/100,000 in men and 39.5/100,000 in women.
  13. Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer US National Cancer Institute, SEER · 2025
  14. HPV & Oropharyngeal Cancer US National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research · 2025 · About 70% of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States are HPV-positive.
  15. HPV Detection in Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Narrative Review PubMed Central / peer-reviewed review · 2025 · HPV-attributable fraction: ~71% US, ~52% UK, >60% Scandinavia, <20% Southern Europe, ~44% globally.
  16. Impact of screening for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers: a microsimulation-based modeling study Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025 · Reports ~85% 5-year overall survival for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.
  17. HPV and Cancer / HPV vaccination US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · 2025
  18. NCCN Guidelines for Patients: Head and Neck Cancers National Comprehensive Cancer Network · 2025
  19. Head and Neck Cancers (patient information) US National Cancer Institute · 2025
  20. Thyroid Cancer (patient information) US National Cancer Institute · 2025
  21. Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ, health professional version) US National Cancer Institute · 2025
  22. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans (tobacco, areca nut, UV radiation, EBV, HPV) International Agency for Research on Cancer / WHO · 2024
  23. Trends of lip, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in Australia 1982–2008 BMC Cancer · 2013 · Lip cancer was the dominant oral-region subsite in Australia; strongly UV-related.
  24. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer (fact sheet) World Health Organization · 2024
  25. About Head and Neck Cancer American Cancer Society · 2025

How we use these sources

  • Incidence and mortality: GLOBOCAN 2022 estimates, the American Cancer Society Global Cancer Facts & Figures tables, the 2026 CA subsite analysis and region-specific peer-reviewed studies (India oral cancer, South-East Asia NPC, laryngeal trends, thyroid cancer in Asia).
  • Clinical content: NCCN patient guidelines, NCI patient information and PDQ summaries, ACS patient guidance, NIDCR and CDC HPV information, and guideline-based summaries of work-up, treatment and follow-up.
  • Costs and logistics: explicitly labelled as illustrative planning ranges from clinical practice, not published prices. Only a written estimate issued after record review is treated as a quotation.
  • Dates: every page carries the same review date (8 November 2026). Statistics are tied to their data year, usually 2022, so a reader can tell whether a figure is current.
  • No fabricated statistics: where a figure is unavailable — for example a national ASR for a very rare tumour — the page says so rather than inventing one.

Corrections

If you find an error, an outdated figure or a broken citation, email eham@qq.com with the page URL and the source that supports the correction. Reviewed corrections are dated and applied across the affected pages, including llms-full.txt.

Read the full editorial policy → · See how the statistics are presented →